Introduction

The use of force, firearms, and other weapons in security operations is one of the most sensitive and risk-laden aspects of a Security Operations Management System (SOMS). Mismanagement can result in loss of life, human rights violations, legal sanctions, and reputational damage.

ISO 18788 requires that security companies establish strict policies, procedures, and controls governing the authorization, handling, and accountability of firearms and other weapons. These measures must be rooted in the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and accountability.

Core Principles

1. Legality

• Firearms and weapons must only be used where permitted by law and under strict regulatory compliance.
• Licensing, registration, and control of firearms must follow national legislation and, where applicable, international conventions.
• Organizations must maintain a register of all weapons and ammunition, updated daily.

2. Necessity and Last Resort

• Weapons may only be used when absolutely necessary to protect life or prevent serious harm.
• Non-violent and non-lethal measures must always be attempted first (presence, verbal commands, de-escalation).
• The use of lethal force must be exceptional, justified, and subject to strict oversight.

3. Proportionality

• The level of force applied must be proportionate to the threat faced.
• Excessive or punitive use of weapons is strictly prohibited.
• Escalation models (presence → verbal → physical restraint → non-lethal tools → firearms as last resort) must guide decision-making.

4. Accountability and Oversight

• Every use of force involving weapons must be:
• Reported immediately.
• Investigated independently.
• Documented and archived in compliance with Clause 7.5.3 and the Archiving Act.
• Organizations must maintain audit trails of issuance, use, and return of firearms and ammunition.

Operational Considerations